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Data are just summaries of thousands of stories – tell a few of those stories to help make the data meaningful.
– Chip & Dan Heath, Authors of Made to Stick, Switch
SAS – Functions. SAS has a wide variety of in built functions which help in analysing and processing the data. These functions are used as part of the DATA statements. They take the data variables as arguments and return the result which is stored into another variable.
Arithmetic Functions
| ABS(argument) | returns absolute value |
| DIM<n>(array-name) | returns the number of elements in a one-dimensional array or the number of elements in a specified dimension of a multidimensional array.
n specifies the dimension, in a multidimensional array, for which you want to know the the number of elements. |
| DIM(array-name,bound-n) | returns the number of elements in a one-dimensional array or the number of elements in the specified dimension of a multidimensional array
bound-n specifies the dimension in a multidimensional array, for which you want to know the number of elements. |
| HBOUND<n>(array-name) | returns the upper bound of an array |
| HBOUND(array-name,bound-n) | returns the upper bound of an array |
| LBOUND<n>(array-name) | returns the lower bound of an array |
| LBOUND(array-name,bound-n) | returns the lower bound of an array |
| MAX(argument,argument, …) | returns the largest value of the numeric arguments |
| MIN(argument,argument, …) | returns the smallest value of the numeric arguments |
| MOD(argument-1, argument-2) | returns the remainder |
| SIGN(argument) | returns the sign of a value or 0 |
| SQRT(argument) | returns the square root |
Character Functions
| BYTE(n) | returns one character in the ASCII or EBCDIC collating sequence where nis an integer representing a specific ASCII or EBCDIC character |
| COLLATE(start-position<,end-position>) | (start-position<,,length>) | returns an ASCII or EBCDIC collating sequence character string |
| COMPBL(source) | removes multiple blanks between words in a character string |
| COMPRESS(source<,characters-to-remove>) | removes specific characters from a character string |
| DEQUOTE(argument) | removes quotation marks from a character value |
| INDEX(source,excerpt) | searches the source for the character string specified by the excerpt |
| INDEXC(source,excerpt-1<, … excerpt-n>) | searches the source for any character present in the excerpt |
| INDEXW(source,excerpt) | searches the source for a specified pattern as a word |
| LEFT(argument) | left-aligns a SAS character string |
| LENGTH(argument) | returns the length of an argument |
| LOWCASE(argument) | converts all letters in an argument to lowercase |
| QUOTE(argument) | adds double quotation marks to a character value |
| RANK(x) | returns the position of a character in the ASCII or EBCDIC collating sequence |
| REPEAT(argument,n) | repeats a character expression |
| REVERSE(argument) | reverses a character expression |
| RIGHT(argument) | right-aligns a character expression |
| SCAN(argument,n<,delimiters>) | returns a given word from a character expression |
| SOUNDEX(argument) | encodes a string to facilitate searching |
| SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>)=characters-to-replace | replaces character value contents |
| var=SUBSTR(argument,position<,n>) | extracts a substring from an argument. (var is any valid SAS variable name.) |
| TRANSLATE(source,to-1,from-1<,…to-n,from-n>) | replaces specific characters in a character expression |
| TRANWRD(source,target,replacement) | replaces or removes all occurrences of a word in a character string |
| TRIM(argument) | removes trailing blanks from character expression and returns one blank if the expression is missing |
| TRIMN(argument) | removes trailing blanks from character expressions and returns a null string if the expression is missing |
| UPCASE(argument) | converts all letters in an argument to uppercase |
| VERIFY(source,excerpt-1<,…excerpt-n) | returns the position of the first character unique to an expression |
Date and Time Functions
| DATDIF(sdate,edate,basis) | returns the number of days between two dates |
| DATE() | returns the current date as a SAS date value |
| DATEJUL(julian-date) | converts a Julian date to a SAS date value |
| DATEPART(datetime) | extracts the date from a SAS datetime value |
| DATETIME() | returns the current date and time of day |
| DAY(date) | returns the day of the month from a SAS date value |
| DHMS(date,hour,minute,second) | returns a SAS datetime value from date, hour, minute, and second |
| HMS(hour,minute,second) | returns a SAS time value from hour, minute, and second |
| HOUR(<time | datetime>) | returns the hour from a SAS time or datetime value |
| INTCK(‘interval’,from,to) | returns the number of time intervals in a given time span |
| INTNX(‘interval’,start-from,increment<,’alignment’>) | advances a date, time, or datetime value by a given interval, and returns a date, time, or datetime value |
| JULDATE(date) | returns the Julian date from a SAS date value |
| MDY(month,day,year) | returns a SAS date value from month, day, and year values |
| MINUTE(time | datetime) | returns the minute from a SAS time or datetime value |
| MONTH(date) | returns the month from a SAS date value |
| QTR(date) | returns the quarter of the year from a SAS date value |
| SECOND(time | datetime) | returns the second from a SAS time or datetime value |
| TIME() | returns the current time of day |
| TIMEPART(datetime) | extracts a time value from a SAS datetime value |
| TODAY() | returns the current date as a SAS date value |
| WEEKDAY(date) | returns the day of the week from a SAS date value |
| YEAR(date) | returns the year from a SAS date value |
| YRDIF(sdate,edate,basis) | returns the difference in years between two dates |
| YYQ(year,quarter) | returns a SAS date value from the year and quarter |
Mathematical Functions
| AIRY(x) | returns the value of the AIRY function |
| DAIRY(x) | returns the derivative of the AIRY function |
| DIGAMMA(argument) | returns the value of the DIGAMMA function |
| ERF(argument) | returns the value of the (normal) error function |
| ERFC(argument) | returns the value of the (normal) error function |
| EXP(argument) | returns the value of the exponential function |
| GAMMA(argument) | returns the value of the GAMMA function |
| IBESSEL(nu,x,kode) | returns the value of the modified bessel function |
| JBESSEL(nu,x) | returns the value of the bessel function |
| LGAMMA(argument) | returns the natural logarithm of the GAMMA function |
| LOG(argument) | returns the natural (base e) logarithm |
| LOG2(argument) | returns the logarithm to the base 2 |
| LOG10(argument) | returns the logarithm to the base 10 |
| TRIGAMMA(argument) | returns the value of the TRIGAMMA function |
Noncentrality Functions
| CNONCT(x,df,prob) | returns the noncentrality parameter from a chi-squared distribution |
| FNONCT(x,ndf,ddf,prob) | returns the value of the noncentrality parameter of an F distribution |
| TNONCT(x,df,prob) | returns the value of the noncentrality parameter from the student’s t distribution |
Probability and Density Functions
| CDF(‘dist’,quantile,parm-1,…,parm-k) | computes cumulative distribution functions |
| LOGPDF|LOGPMF(‘dist’,quantile,parm-1,…,parm-k) | computes the logarithm of a probability density (mass) function. The two functions are identical. |
| LOGSDF(‘dist’,quantile,parm-1,…,parm-k) | computes the logarithm of a survival function |
| PDF|PMF(‘dist’,quantile,parm-1,…,parm-k) | computes probability density (mass) functions |
| POISSON(m,n) | returns the probability from a POISSON distribution |
| PROBBETA(x,a,b) | returns the probability from a beta distribution |
| PROBBNML(p,n,m) | returns the probability from a binomial distribution |
| PROBCHI(x,df<,nc>) | returns the probability from a chi-squared distribution |
| PROBF(x,ndf,ddf<,nc>) | returns the probability from an F distribution |
| PROBGAM(x,a) | returns the probability from a gamma distribution |
| PROBHYPR(N,K,n,x<,r>) | returns the probability from a hypergeometric distribution |
| PROBMC | probabilities and critical values (quantiles) from various distributions for multiple comparisons of the means of several groups. |
| PROBNEGB(p,n,m) | returns the probability from a negative binomial distribution |
| PROBBNRM(x,y,r) | standardized bivariate normal distribution |
| PROBNORM(x) | returns the probability from the standard normal distribution |
| PROBT(x,df<,nc>) | returns the probability from a Student’s t distribution |
| SDF(‘dist’,quantile,parm-1,…,parm-k) | computes a survival function |
Quantile Functions
| BETAINV(p,a,b) | returns a quantile from the beta distribution |
| CINV(p,df<,nc>) | returns a quantile from the chi-squared distribution |
| FINV(p,ndf,ddf<,nc>) | returns a quantile from the F distribution |
| GAMINV(p,a) | returns a quantile from the gamma distribution |
| PROBIT(p) | returns a quantile from the standard normal distribution |
| TINV(p,df<,nc>) | returns a quantile from the t distribution |
Sample Statistics Functions
| CSS(argument,argument,…) | returns the corrected sum of squares |
| CV(argument,argument,…) | returns the coefficient of variation |
| KURTOSIS(argument,argument,…) | returns the kurtosis (or 4th moment) |
| MAX(argument,argument, …) | returns the largest value |
| MIN(argument,argument, …) | returns the smallest value |
| MEAN(argument,argument, …) | returns the arithmetic mean (average) |
| MISSING(numeric-expression | character-expression) | returns a numeric result that indicates whether the argument contains a missing value |
| N(argument,argument, ….) | returns the number of nonmissing values |
| NMISS(argument,argument, …) | returns the number of missing values |
| ORDINAL(count,argument,argument,…) | returns the largest value of a part of a list |
| RANGE(argument,argument,…) | returns the range of values |
| SKEWNESS(argument,argument,argument,…) | returns the skewness |
| STD(argument,argument,…) | returns the standard deviation |
| STDERR(argument,argument,…) | returns the standard error of the mean |
| SUM(argument,argument,…) | returns the sum |
| USS(argument,argument,…) | returns the uncorrected sum of squares |
| VAR(argument,argument,…) | returns the variance |
State and ZIP Code Functions
| FIPNAME(expression) | converts FIPS codes to uppercase state names | ||
| FIPNAMEL(expression) | converts FIPS codes to mixed case state names | ||
| FIPSTATE(expression) | converts FIPS codes to two-character postal codes | ||
| STFIPS(postal-code) | converts state postal codes to FIPS state codes | ||
| STNAME(postal-code) | converts state postal codes to uppercase state names
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| STNAMEL(postal-code) | converts state postal codes to mixed case state names
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| ZIPFIPS(zip-code) | converts ZIP codes to FIPS state codes | ||
| ZIPNAME(zip-code) | converts ZIP codes to uppercase state names | ||
| ZIPNAMEL(zip-code) | converts ZIP codes to mixed case state names | ||
| ZIPSTATE(zip-code) | converts ZIP codes to state postal codes |
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
| ARCOS(argument) | returns the arccosine |
| ARSIN(argument) | returns the arcsine |
| ATAN(argument) | returns the arctangent |
| COS(argument) | returns the cosine |
| COSH(argument) | returns the hyperbolic cosine |
| SIN(argument) | returns the sine |
| SINH(argument) | returns the hyperbolic sine |
| TAN(argument) | returns the tangent |
| TANH(argument) | returns the hyperbolic tangent |
Truncation Functions
| CEIL(argument) | returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to the argument |
| FLOOR(argument) | returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to the argument |
| FUZZ(argument) | returns the nearest integer if the argument is within 1E-12 |
| INT(argument) | returns the integer value |
| ROUND(argument,round-off-unit) | rounds to the nearest round-off unit |
| TRUNC(number, length) | truncates a numeric value to a specified length |
Variable Information Functions
| GETVARC(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the value of a SAS data set character variable |
| GETVARN(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the value of a SAS data set numeric variable |
| VARFMT(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the format assigned to a SAS data set variable |
| VARINFMT(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the informat assigned to a SAS data set variable |
| VARLABEL(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the label assigned to a SAS data set variable |
| VARLEN(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the length of a SAS data set variable |
| VARNAME(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the name of a SAS data set variable |
| VARNUM(data-set-id,var-name) | returns the number of a SAS data set variable’s position in a SAS data set |
| VARRAY(name) | returns a value that indicates whether the specified name is an array |
| VARRAYX(expression) | returns a value that indicates whether the value of the specified argument is an array |
| VARTYPE(data-set-id,var-num) | returns the data type of a SAS data set variable |
| VFORMAT(var) | returns the format associated with the given variable |
| VFORMATD(var) | returns the format decimal value associated with the given variable |
| VFORMATDX(expression) | returns the format decimal value associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VFORMATN(var) | returns the format name associated with the given variable |
| VFORMATNX(expression) | returns the format name associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VFORMATW(var) | returns the format width associated with the given variable |
| VFORMATWX(expression) | returns the format width associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VFORMATX(expression) | returns the format associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VINARRAY(var) | returns a value that indicates whether the given variable is a member of an array |
| VINARRAYX(expression) | returns a value that indicates whether the value of the specified argument is a member of an array |
| VINFORMAT(var) | returns the informat associated with the given variable |
| VINFORMATD(var) | returns the informat decimal value associated with the given variable |
| VINFORMATDX(expression) | returns the informat decimal value associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VINFORMATN(var) | returns the informat name associated with the given variable |
| VINFORMATNX(expression) | returns the informat name associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VINFORMATW(var) | returns the informat width associated with the given variable |
| VINFORMATWX(expression) | returns the informat width associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VINFORMATX(expression) | returns the informat associated with the value of the specified argument |
| VLABEL(var) | returns the label associated with the given variable |
| VLABELX(expression) | returns the variable label for the value of a specified argument |
| VLENGTH(var) | returns the compile-time (allocated) size of the given variable |
| VLENGTHX(expression) | returns the compile-time (allocated) size for the value of the specified argument |
| VNAME(var) | returns the name of the given variable |
| VNAMEX(expression) | validates the value of the specified argument as a variable name |
| VTYPE(var) | returns the type (character or numeric) of the given variable |
| VTYPEX(expression) | returns the type (character or numeric) for the value of the specified argument |
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